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¡¡Ëܽñ¤ÎÂçȾ¤Î¾Ï¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëʸ¸¥¤Î¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤Ë¡¢L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza ¤Î¼ê¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¥Ò¥È¤Î°äÅÁ»ÒÉÑÅ٤˴ؤ¹¤ëÂçÉô¤Î³µÀâ½ñ The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£³ÆÂçΦ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢ÃÏÍý¡¢À¸ÂÖ¡¢´Ä¶­¤«¤éÀè»Ë¿ÍÎà»Ë¡¢¿ÍÎà»Ë¡¢¸À¸ì¡¢·Á¼Á¿ÍÎà³Ø¡¢¤½¤³¤ÇÊë¤é¤¹Ì±Â²¤Îʸ²½¤Þ¤Ç¤¬´Ê·é¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¤¿¤á¤³¤ÎÈóËÞ¤ÊËܤϡ¢¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë¿Í¡¹¡¢¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë»öʪ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÎò»Ë½ñ¤È¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francisco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995¡Ë¤âƱÍͤΥơ¼¥Þ¤ò°·¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¤³¤ì¤ÏÀìÌç²È¤è¤ê¤â°ìÈÌÆɼԸþ¤±¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¤â¤¦¤Ò¤È¤ÄÊØÍø¤Ê»ñÎÁ¤ò¤¢¤²¤ë¤È¡¢Goeram Burenhult ÊԤΣµ´¬ËÜ¡¢The Illustrated History of Humankind (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993-94¡Ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£³Æ´¬¤Î¥¿¥¤¥È¥ë¤Ï¡¢¡ÖºÇ½é¤Î¿ÍÎà¡×¡ÖÀдï»þÂå¤Î¿Í¡¹¡×¡ÖµìÀ¤³¦¤ÎʸÌÀ¡×¡Ö¿·À¤³¦¤ÈÂÀÊ¿ÍÎʸÌÀ¡×¡Öº£Æü¤ÎÅÁÅýÉô²¡×¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¥±¥ó¥Ö¥ê¥Ã¥¸Âç³Ø½ÐÈÇÉô¤¬´©¹Ô¤·¤¿²¿¼ïÎफ¤Î¥·¥ê¡¼¥ºÊª (Cambridge, England) ¤«¤é¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÄê¤Î»þÂå¤Ê¤¤¤·ÃÏ°è¤ÎÎò»Ë¤òÃΤ뤳¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë The Cambridge History of [X] ¤È¤¤¤¦¥·¥ê¡¼¥º¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢"X" ¤ÎÉôʬ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥¢¥Õ¥ê¥«¡¢¸ÅÂåÃæ±û¥¢¥¸¥¢¡¢Ãæ¹ñ¡¢¥¤¥ó¥É¡¢¥¤¥é¥ó¡¢¥¤¥¹¥é¥àÀ¤³¦¡¢ÆüËÜ¡¢¥é¥Æ¥ó¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¡¢¥Ý¡¼¥é¥ó¥É¡¢ÅìÆ¥¸¥¢¡¢¤Ê¤É¤¬Æþ¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢The Cambridge Encyclopedia of [X] ¤È¤¤¤¦¥·¥ê¡¼¥º¤â¤¢¤ê¡¢"X" ¤ÎÉôʬ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥¢¥Õ¥ê¥«¡¢Ãæ¹ñ¡¢ÆüËÜ¡¢¥é¥Æ¥ó¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¡¢¥«¥ê¥Ö½ôÅç¡¢¥í¥·¥¢¤Èµì¥½Ï¢¡¢¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢¡¢ÃæÅì¤ÈËÌ¥¢¥Õ¥ê¥«¡¢¥¤¥ó¥É¤È¥Ñ¥­¥¹¥¿¥ó¤ª¤è¤Ó¶áÎÙ½ô¹ñ¡¢¤Ê¤É¤¬Æþ¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¤Û¤«¡¢The Cambridge Ancient History, The Cambridge Medieval History, The Cambridge Modern History, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, The Cambridge Economic History of India ¤Ê¤É¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
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¡¡Â絬ÌϤÊÈæ³Ó¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯Îò»Ë¸¦µæ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1934-54¡Ë¡¿¡ØÎò»Ë¤Î¸¦µæ¡ÙϹ»³À¯Æ»Â¾Ìõ¡¢¼Ò²ñ»×ÁÛ¸¦µæ²ñ½ÐÈÇÉô¡Ê1956¡ËĹëÀî¾¾¼£Ìõ¡¢¼Ò²ñ»×ÁÛ¼Ò¡Ê1969¡Ë¾¡¢¤¬·æ½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥æ¡¼¥é¥·¥¢ÂçΦ¡¢¤È¤ê¤ï¤±ÂçΦÀ¾Éô¤ÎʸÌÀ¤Î¤¹¤°¤ì¤¿Îò»Ë½ñ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢William McNeill, The Rise of the West (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991) ¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£Æ±¤¸Ãø¼Ô¤Î A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979¡Ë¡¿¡ØÀ¤³¦»Ë¡ÙÁýÅĵÁϺ¾Ìõ¡¢¿·Ä¬¼Ò¡Ê1971¡Ë¤â¤Þ¤¿¡¢¡ÖÀ¤³¦»Ë¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¥¿¥¤¥È¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¡¢¥æ¡¼¥é¥·¥¢ÂçΦÀ¾Éô¤ÎÎò»Ë¤Ë¾ÇÅÀ¤òÅö¤Æ¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤½¤ÎÅÀ¡¢V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1954¡Ë¡¿¡ØÎò»Ë¤Î¤¢¤±¤Ü¤Î¡Ùº£ÍèΦϺ¡¦ÉðÆ£·éÌõ¡¢´äÇȽñŹ¡Ê1967¡Ë¤È¶¦Ä̤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥æ¡¼¥é¥·¥¢ÂçΦÀ¾Éô¤òÃæ¿´¤È¤¹¤ëÊñ³çŪ¤ÊÎò»Ë½ñ¤ò¤â¤¦£±ºý¤¢¤²¤ë¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢C. D. Darlington, The Evolution of Man and Society (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969¡Ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Ãø¼Ô¤ÏÀ¸Êª³Ø¼Ô¤Ç¡¢ÂçΦ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤È»ô°éºÏÇݲ½¤Î¤¢¤¤¤À¤Ë¡¢»ä¤¬ÏÀ¤¸¤¿¤Î¤ÈƱÍͤΤĤʤ¬¤ê¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Èǧ¼±¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Alfred Crosby ¤Î£²ºý¤ÎÃøºî¡¢The Columbian Exchange : Biological Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972) ¤È Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) ¡¿¡Ø¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥ÑÄë¹ñ¼çµÁ¤ÎÆ模¨¡¥¨¥³¥í¥¸¡¼¤«¤é¸«¤¿10¡Á20À¤µª¡Ùº´¡¹ÌÚ¾¼É×Ìõ¡¢´äÇȽñŹ¡Ê1998¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ÎÎÎÅÚ³ÈÄ¥¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÍ¥¤ì¤¿¸¦µæ½ñ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ÎÎÅÚ³ÈÄ¥¤Ëȼ¤¦Æ°¿¢Êª¤äɸ¶¶Ý¤Î°ÜÆ°¤ËÎÏÅÀ¤òÃÖ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Marvin Harris, Cannibals and Kings : The Origins of Cultures ( New York: Vintage Books, 1978)¡¿¡Ø¥Ò¥È¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¥Ò¥È¤ò¿©¤Ù¤¿¤«¨¡¨¡À¸ÂÖ¿ÍÎà³Ø¤«¤é¸«¤¿Ê¸²½¤Îµ¯¸»¡ÙÎëÌÚÍΰìÌõ¡¢ÁáÀî½ñ˼¡Ê1990¡Ë¥Ï¥ä¥«¥ïʸ¸Ë¡Ê1997¡Ë¤È¡¢Marshall Sahlins, Elman Service, eds. Evolution and Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960) ¡¿¡Ø¿Ê²½¤Èʸ²½¡Ù»³ÅÄδ¼£Ìõ¡¢¿·Àô¼Ò¡Ê1976¡Ë¤Ïʸ²½¿ÍÎà³Ø¤Î»ëÅÀ¤Ë¤è¤ëÎò»Ë¤ÎÈæ³Ó¸¦µæ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Ellen Semple, Influence of Geographic Environment (New York: Holt, 1911) ¤ÏÃÏÍýŪ¾ò·ï¤¬¿Í´Ö¼Ò²ñ¤ËµÚ¤Ü¤¹±Æ¶Á¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸¦µæ¤Î½é´ü¤Î»î¤ß¤Î°ìÎã¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¤Û¤«¤Î½ÅÍפÊÎò»Ë¸¦µæ¤Îʸ¸¥¤Ï¡¢¥¨¥Ô¥í¡¼¥°¤Î´ØϢʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ·ÇºÜ¤¹¤ë¡£»ä¤Î The Third Chimpanzee (New York, HarperCollins, 1992)¡¿¡Ø¿Í´Ö¤Ï¤É¤³¤Þ¤Ç¥Á¥ó¥Ñ¥ó¥¸¡¼¤«¡©¡ÙĹëÀî¿¿Íý»Ò¡¦Ä¹Ã«Àî¼÷°ìÌõ¡¢¿·Í˼ҡÊ1993¡Ë¡¢¤½¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¤â¤È¤¯¤Ë¥æ¡¼¥é¥·¥¢ÂçΦ¤ÈÆîËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«ÂçΦ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤òÈæ³Ó¤·¤¿Âè14¾Ï¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Ëܽñ¤ÇŸ³«¤·¤¿»ä¤Î¹Í¤¨¤Î½ÐȯÅÀ¤¬µ­¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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¡¡½é´ü¤Î¿ÍÎà¤Î¿Ê²½¤ò°·¤Ã¤¿Âî±Û¤·¤¿½ñʪ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Richard Klein, The Human Career (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989)¡¢Roger Lewin, Bones of Contention (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989)¡¢Paul Mellars, Chris Stringer ed., The Human Revolution : Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989)¡¢Richard Leakey, Roger Lewin, Origins Reconsidered (New York: Doubleday, 1992)¡¢D. Tab Rasmussen ed., The Origin and Evolution of Humans and Humanness (Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1993)¡¢Matthew Nitecki, Doris Nitecki eds., Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans (New York: Plenum, 1994)¡¢Chris Stringer, Robin McKie, African Exodus (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996) ¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¥Í¥¢¥ó¥Ç¥ë¥¿¡¼¥ë¿Í¤Ë¾ÇÅÀ¤òÅö¤Æ¤¿Ãøºî¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¿Íµ¤¤Î¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤¬£³ÅÀ¤¢¤ë¡£Christopher Stringer, Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1993)¡¿¡Ø¥Í¥¢¥ó¥Ç¥ë¥¿¡¼¥ë¿Í¤È¤Ï狼¡Ù²Ï¹ç¿®ÏÂÌõ¡¢Ä«Æü¿·Ê¹¼Ò¡Ê1997¡Ë¡¢Erik Trinkaus, Pat Shipman, The Neanderthals (New York: Knopf, 1993)¡¢Ian Tattersall, The Last Neanderthal (New York: Macmillan, 1995)¡¿¡ØºÇ¸å¤Î¥Í¥¢¥ó¥Ç¥ë¥¿¡¼¥ë¡Ù¹â»³ÇîÌõ¡¢Æü·Ð¥µ¥¤¥¨¥ó¥¹¡Ê1999¡Ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡°äÅÁ»Ò¸¦µæ¤Ë¤è¤ë¿ÍÎà¤Îµ¯¸»¤Îõµá¤ò¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤È¤·¤¿Ê¸¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¤¹¤Ç¤Ë¥×¥í¥í¡¼¥°¤Î¤È¤³¤í¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza ¤é¤ÎÊÔ»¼¤Ë¤è¤ë£²ºý¤È¡¢ÀÛÃø The Third Chimpanzee ¤ÎÂè1¾Ï¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£°äÅÁ»Ò¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëºÇ¶á¤ÎÀ®²Ì¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ÀìÌçŪ¤ÊÏÀʸ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢J. L. Mountain, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, "Inference of human evolution through cladistic analysis of nuclear DNA restriction polymorphism," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:6515-19 (1994)¤È D. B. Goldstein et al., "Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92:6723-27 (1995) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢¡¢¥Ë¥å¡¼¥®¥Ë¥¢¡¢¥Ó¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥¯½ôÅç¡¢¥½¥í¥â¥ó½ôÅç¤Ø¤Î¿Í´Ö¤Î°Ü½»¤È¤½¤³¤Ç¤ÎÂ緿ưʪ¤ÎÀäÌǤ˴ؤ¹¤ë»ñÎÁ¤Ï¡¢Âè15¾Ï¤Î´ØϢʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¥ê¥¹¥È¥¢¥Ã¥×¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¡¢Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters (New York: Braziller, 1995)¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤¬ÌÀ²÷¤Ç¤ï¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¤É½¸½¤ÇÏÀ¤¸¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¥ª¡¼¥¹¥È¥é¥ê¥¢ÂçΦ¤ÇÀäÌǤ·¤¿¤È¤µ¤ì¤ëÂç·¿Ó®ÆýÎब¡¢¼Â¤Ï¤Ä¤¤ºÇ¶á¤Þ¤ÇÀ¸¤­¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¼çÄ¥¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë½ôÌäÂ꤬ÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¹¹¿·À¤¸å´ü¤«¤é¸½À¤¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¤ÎÂ緿ưʪ¤ÎÀäÌǤ˴ؤ¹¤ë»ñÎÁ¤È¤·¤ÆÄêɾ¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Paul Martin, Richard Klein eds., Quaternary Extinctions (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ºÇ¿·¤Îʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Richard Klein, "The impact of early people on the environment : The case of large mammal extinctions," (J. E. Jacobsen, J. Firor, Human Impact on the Environment [Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992] pp.13-34) ¤È¡¢Anthony Stuart, "Mammalian extinctions in the Late Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia and North America," Biological Reviews 66:453-62 (1991) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£David Steadman ¤ÏÏÀʸ"Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds : Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology," Science 267:1123-31 (1995)¤Ç¡¢ÂÀÊ¿ÍΤÎÅ硹¤Ç¤Ï¿ÍÎबÆþ¿¢¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤ÆÀäÌǼ郎ÇȾõŪ¤ËÁý²Ã¤·¤¿¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦ºÇ¶á¤ÎÀ®²Ì¤ò³µÀ⤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡ÆîËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«ÂçΦ¤Ø¤Î¿ÍÎà¤Î°Ü½»¤È¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ëȼ¤¦Â緿ưʪ¤ÎÀäÌǤ˴ؤ¹¤ë°ìÈÌŪ¤Ê¸«²ò¤È¡¢¤½¤³¤«¤éÀ¸¤¸¤¿ÏÀÁè¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Brian Fagan, The Great Journey : The Peopling of Ancient America (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1987)¡¿¡Ø¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Îµ¯¸»¨¡¨¡¿ÍÎà¤Îô£¤«¤Êιϩ¡Ù²Ï¹ç¿®ÏÂÌõ¡¢¤É¤¦¤Ö¤Ä¼Ò¡Ê1990¡Ë¤È¡¢ÀÛÃø The Third Chimpanzee ¤ÎÂè18¾Ï¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡££²ºý¤È¤â¿¤¯¤Î»²¹Íʸ¸¥¤¬·ÇºÜ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Ronald Carlisle eds., Americans before Columbus : Ice-Age Origins (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1988) ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢J. M. Adovasio ¤é¤¬¡¢¥á¥É¥¦¥¯¥í¥Õ¥È°äÀפϥ¯¥í¡¼¥ô¥£¥¹°ÊÁ°¤Î¤â¤Î¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¾ÚÌÀ¤òŸ³«¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾Ï¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥¯¥í¡¼¥ô¥£¥¹¤È¥¯¥í¡¼¥ô¥£¥¹°ÊÁ°¤À¤ÈÊó¹ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë°äÀפÎÀìÌç²È¡¢C. Vance Haynes, Jr. ¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ë¤Ï¡¡"Contributions of radiocarbon dating to the geochronology of the peopling of the New World," (R. E. Taylor, A. Long, R. S. Kra, eds., Radiocarbon after Four Decades [New York : Springer, 1992] pp.354-74) ¤È¡¢"Clovis-Folson geochronology and climate change," (Olga Soffer, N. D. Praslov, eds., From Kostenki to Clovis : Upper Paleolithic Paleo-Indian Adaptations [New York: Plenum, 1993] pp.219-36) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¥Ú¥É¥í¡¦¥Õ¥é¥À°äÀפ¬¥¯¥í¡¼¥ô¥£¥¹°ÊÁ°¤Î¤â¤Î¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¼çÄ¥¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢N. Guidon, G. Delibrias, "Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago," Nature 321:769-71 (1986) ¤ä¡¢David Meltzer et al., "On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil," Antiquity 68:695-714 (1994) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¤Û¤«¡¢¥¢¥á¥ê¥«ÂçΦ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥¯¥í¡¼¥ô¥£¥¹°ÊÁ°¤Î¿ÍÎà¤Î¸ºß¤ò¤á¤°¤ëÏÀÁè¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë»ñÎÁ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢T. D. Dillehay et al.,"Earliest hunters and gatherers of South America," Journal of World Prehistory 6:145-204 (1992)¡¢T. D. Dillehay, Monte Verde : A Late Pleistocene Site in Chile (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989)¡¢T. D. Dillehay, D. J. Melt zer, eds., The First Americans : Search and Research (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991)¡¢Thomas Lynch, "Glacial-age man in South America ? --a critical review," American Antiquity 55:12-36 (1990)¡¢John Hoffecker et al.,"The colonization of Beeringia and the peopling of the New World," Science 259:46-53 (1993)¡¢A. C. Roosevelt et al., "Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon : The peopling of the Americans," Science 272:373-84 (1996) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

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¡¡¿¢Êª¤ÎºÏÇݲ½¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë½ÅÍפʤâ¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢C. Wesley Cowan, Patty Jo Watson, eds., The Origins of Agriculture (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992)¡¢David Harris, Gordon Hillman,eds., Foraging and Farming : The Evolution of Plant Exploitation (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989)¡¢C. Barigozzi ed., The Origin and Domestication of Cultivated Plants (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Charles Heiser, Jr. ¤Ï¿¢Êª¤ÎºÏÇݲ½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æɾ²Á¤Î¹â¤¤Ëܤò£²ºýÃø¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Seed to Civilization : The Story of Food , 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990)¡¿¡Ø¿©ÊªÊ¸ÌÀÏÀ¨¡¨¡¿©ÎÁ¤ÏʸÌÀ¤ÎÁ䨡ٴßËÜ̯»Ò¡¦´ßËÜ͵°ìÌõ¡¢»°Îæ½ñ˼¡Ê1989¡Ë¤ÈOf Plants and People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£J. Smartt, N. W. Simmonds, eds., Evolution of Crop Plants, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1995) ¤Ï¡¢À¤³¦³Æ¹ñ¤Î¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë¼çÍ׺îʪ¤È¿¤¯¤ÎÉû¼¡Åª¤Êºîʪ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¾ðÊó¤ò´Ê·é¤Ë¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿¡¢Äêɾ¤¢¤ëÃøºî¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ºÏÇݲ½¤Ë¤è¤êÌîÀ¸¿¢Êª¤Ë¤ª¤Î¤º¤ÈÀ¸¤¸¤¿ÊѲ½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÏÀ¤¸¤¿Í¥¤ì¤¿ÏÀʸ¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Mark Blumler, Roger Byrne, "The ecological genetics of domestication and the origins of agriculture," Current Anthropology 32:23-54 (1991)¡¢Charles Heiser, Jr.,"Aspects of unconscious selection and evolution of domesticated plants," Euphytica 37 77-81 (1988)¡¢¤ª¤è¤Ó Daniel Zohary,"Modes of evolution in plants under domestication," (W. F. Grant,ed., Plant Biosystematics [Montreal: Academic Press, 1984]) ½ê¼ý¤Î£³¤Ä¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£Mark Blumler,"Independent inventionism and recent genetic evidence on plant domestication," Economic Botany 46:98-111 (1992) ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ºÏÇÝÉʼ郎ñ°ì¤Îµ¯¸»¤«¤é¹­¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦Àâ¤ÈÂоÈŪ¤Ê¡¢¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤ÎÌîÀ¸¼ï¤¬Â¿Íͤ˺ÏÇݲ½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ã¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦À⤬ɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡Æ°Êª¤Î²ÈÃܲ½¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÁ´ÈÌŪ¤ÊÃøºî¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢À¤³¦¤ÎÌîÀ¸Ó®ÆýÎà¤òÂоݤȤ·¤¿É´²Ê»öŵŪ¤Ê½ñʪ¤È¥ª¤ÆÄêɾ¤Î¤¢¤ë¡¢Ronald Nowak, ed., Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Juliet Clutton-Brock, Domesticated Animals from Early Times (London: British Museum [Natural History], 1981) ¤Ï¡¢²ÈÃܲ½¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë½ÅÍפÊÓ®ÆýÎà¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢½¨°ï¤Ê³µÏÀ¤òŸ³«¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£I. L. Mason, ed., Evolution of Domesticated Animals (London: Longman, 1984) ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Ê£¿ô¤ÎÃø¼Ô¤¬²ÈÃܲ½¤µ¤ì¤¿½ÅÍפÊưʪ¤ò°ì¼ï¤º¤Ä¼è¤ê¾å¤²¡¢ÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Simon Davis, The Archaeology of Animals (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987) ¤Ï¡¢°äÀפÇȯ·¡¤µ¤ì¤¿¤ÛÆýÎà¤Î¹ü¤«¤é²¿¤òÃΤ뤳¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤ò¡¢¸«»ö¤Ë²ò¤­ÌÀ¤«¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Juliet Clutton-Brock, ed., The Walking Larder (London: Unwin-Hyman, 1989)¤Ï¡¢À¤³¦³ÆÃϤǿÍÎब¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¼í¤ê¤ò¤·¡¢Æ°Êª¤ò²ÈÃܲ½¤·¡¢»ô°é¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤«¡¢¤Þ¤¿¡¢¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ëưʪ¤ËÊá¿©¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¤«¡¢¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë31¤ÎÏÀʸ¤ò·ÇºÜ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£²ÈÃܲ½¤µ¤ì¤¿Æ°Êª¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥É¥¤¥Ä¤ÎÊñ³çŪ¤ÊËܤȤ·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Wolf Herre, Manfred Rohrs, Haustiere zoologisch gesehen (Stuttgart: Fischer, 1990) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Stephen Budiansky, The Covenant of the Wild (New York: William Morrow, 1992) ¤Ï¡¢¿Í´Ö¤Èưʪ¤Î¤«¤«¤ï¤ê¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç¡¢Æ°Êª¤¬¼«Á³¤Ë²ÈÃܲ½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿ÍͻҤò¤ï¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¯ÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£²ÈÃܲ½¤µ¤ì¤¿Æ°Êª¤¬¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ¹Ìºî¤äÍ¢Á÷¤Î¼êÃÊ¡¢ÍÓÌÓ¤äÆý¤Î¶¡µë¸»¤È¤·¤ÆÍøÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤«¤òµ­½Ò¤·¤¿½ÅÍפÊÏÀʸ¤Ë¡¢Andrew Sheratt¤Î "Plough and pastoralism : Aspects of the secondary products revolution," (Ian Hodder et al., eds., Pattern of the Past [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981] pp.261-305) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡À¤³¦¤ÎÆÃÄêÃÏ°è¤Ç¤Î¿©ÎÁÀ¸»º¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ­½Ò¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¸ÅÂå¥í¡¼¥Þ¤Î¹Ìºî¤ò¸«»ö¤Ê¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¾ÜºÙ¤Ëµ­¤·¤¿¾®»öŵ¡¢¥×¥ê¥Ë¥¦¥¹¤Î Natural History Âè17´¬¡Á19´¬ (¥é¥Æ¥ó¸ì¤Î¥Æ¥­¥¹¥È¤È±ÑÌõ¤òÊ»µ­¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤¬ The Loeb Classical Library [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961] ¤Ë¼ýÏ¿¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ÈîÍà»°Æü·îÃÏÂÓ¤«¤é¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ò²£ÃǤ·¤ÆÀ¾Êý¤Ë¿©ÎÁÀ¸»º¤¬¹­¤Þ¤Ã¤¿Îò»Ë¤òʬÀϤ·¤¿¤Î¤¬¡¢Albert Ammerman, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Ë¾ÇÅÀ¤òÅö¤Æ¤¿¤Î¤¬¡¢Graeme Barker, Prehistoric Farming in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) ¤È Alasdair Whittle, Neolithic Europe : A Survey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) ¡£ÃÏÃ泤Åì´ß¤ËÎÙÀܤ¹¤ëÅ硹¤ËŪ¤ò¤·¤Ü¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤¬¡¢Donald Henry, From Foraging to Agriculture : The Levant at the End of the Ice Age (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989) ¡£¥Ë¥å¡¼¥®¥Ë¥¢¤òÂоݤȤ·¤¿¤â¤Î¤¬¡¢D. E. Yen, "Domestication : Lessons from New Guinea," (Andrew Pawley, ed., Man and a Half [Auckland: Polynesian Society, 1991] pp.558-69)¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Edward Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963) ¤Ï¡¢ÅⲦī¤Î»þÂå¤ËÃæ¹ñ¤ËÍ¢Æþ¤µ¤ì¤¿Æ°¿¢Êª¤Ê¤É¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¼¡¤Ë¤¢¤²¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢À¤³¦¤ÎÆÃÄêÃÏ°è¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¿¢Êª¤ÎºÏÇݼﲽ¤ÈÇÀºîʪ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ÈÈîÍà»°Æü·îÃÏÂӤ˴ؤ¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢William van Zeist et al., ed., Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany (Rotterdam: Balkema, 1991) ¤È Jane Renfrew, Paleoethnobotany (London: Methuen, 1973) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¥¤¥ó¥À¥¹Àîή°è¤Î¥Ï¥é¥Ã¥Ñʸ²½¤ª¤è¤Ó¥¤¥ó¥É°¡ÂçΦÁ´È̤˴ؤ·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Steven Weber, Plants and Harappan Subsistence (New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1991) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¿·À¤³¦¤Îºîʪ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Charles Heiser, Jr.,"New perspectives on the origin and evolution of New World domesticated plants : Summary," Economic Botany 44:(3 suppl.) 111-16 (1990)¤È¡¢Æ±¤¸Ãø¼Ô¤Î "Origins of some cultivated New World Plants," Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 10:309-26 (1979) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Ãæ±û¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼íÎĺμ褫¤é½é´ü¤ÎÇÀ¹Ì¤Ø¤Î°Ü¹Ô¤ò¼Â¾ÚŪ¤Ë¼¨¤¹²ÄǽÀ­¤Î¤¢¤ë¥á¥­¥·¥³¤Î°äÀפ˴ؤ·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Kent Flanner y, ed., Guila Naquitz (New York: Academic Press, 1986) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¥¤¥ó¥«»þÂå¤Î¥¢¥ó¥Ç¥¹»³Ì®¤ÇºÏÇݤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿ºîʪ¤È¡¢¤½¤ì¤¬º£Æü¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¹ç½°¹ñÅìÉô¤ÈÆîÀ¾Éô¤Ç¤Î¿¢Êª¤ÎºÏÇݲ½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Bruce Smith,"Origins of agriculture in eastern North America," Science 246:1566-71 (1989)¡¢William Keegan, ed., Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1987)¡¢Richard Ford ed., Prehistoric Food Production in North America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, 1985)¡¢R. G. Matson, The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991) ¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£Bruce Smith, "The origins of agriculture in Americas," Evolutionary Anthropology 3:174-84 (1995) ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤´¤¯¾¯Î̤ο¢Êª¤Î¥µ¥ó¥×¥ë¤ò²Ã®´ï¼ÁÎÌʬÀÏË¡¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆǯÂå¬Äꤷ¤¿·ë²Ì¤Ë´ð¤Å¤­¡¢ÆîËÌ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«ÂçΦ¤ÎÇÀ¹Ì¤Îµ¯¸»¤Ï¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤è¤ê¤º¤Ã¤È¿·¤·¤¤¡¢¤È½¾Íè¤ÎÀâ¤ò½¤Àµ¤¹¤ë¸«²ò¤¬É½ÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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¡¡¤«¤Ä¤Æ¤Ï²òÆÉÉÔǽ¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿Ê¸»ú¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¤ï¤¯¤ï¤¯¤¹¤ë¤è¤¦¤ÊÏ䬽ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤Ï¡¢Maurice Pope, The Story of Decipherment (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975)¡¿¡Ø¸ÅÂåʸ»ú²òÆɤÎʪ¸ì¡ÙÅâ¿Ü¶µ¸÷Ìõ¡¢¿·Ä¬¼Ò¡Ê1982¡Ë¡¢Michael Coe, Breaking the Maya Code (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992)¡¢ John Chadwick, The Decipherment of Linear B (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)¡¿¡ØÀþʸ»ú£Â¤Î²òÆÉ¡ÙÂç¾ë¸ùÌõ¡¢¤ß¤¹¤º½ñ˼¡Ê1997¡Ë¡¢Yves Duhoux, Thomas Palaima, John Bennet, eds., Problems in Decipherment (Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1989),¡¢John Justeson, Terrence Kaufman,"A decipherment of epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic writing," Science 259:1703-11(1993)¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡Denise Schmandt-Besserat ¤Ï£²´¬ËÜ Before Writing (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992) ¤Ç¡¢¤Û¤Ü5000ǯ¤Î¤¢¤¤¤À¤ËÇ´ÅÚÈǤ˹ï¤Þ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»ú¤ò¸¦µæ¤·¡¢¥·¥å¥á¡¼¥ëʸ»ú¤Îµ¯¸»¤Èȯã²áÄø¤òºÆ¸½¤·¡¢ÏÀµÄ¤ò¤Þ¤­¤ª¤³¤¹¼«Àâ¤òŸ³«¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Hans Nissen et al., eds., Archaic Bookkeeping (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ºÇ¤â½é´üÃʳ¬¤Î¤¯¤µ¤Ó·Áʸ»ú¤Î¹ï¤Þ¤ì¤¿¥á¥½¥Ý¥¿¥ß¥¢¤ÎÌÃÈĤˤĤ¤¤Æ½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Joseph Naveh, Early History of the Alphabet (Leiden: Brill, 1982)¡¿¡Ø½é´ü¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥È¤ÎÎò»Ë¡ÙÄż½ÓÉס¦ÃÝÆâÌÐÉס¦°ð³ÀÈì¼Ó»ÒÌõ¡¢Ë¡À¯Âç³Ø½ÐÈǶɡÊ2000¡Ë ¤Ï¡¢ÃÏÃ泤Åì´ßÃÏ°è¤Ç¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥È¤¬½Ð¸½¤·¤¿»ö¼Â¤òÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ÃíÌܤËÃͤ¹¤ë¥¦¥¬¥ê¥È¡¦¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥È¤ò¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Gernot Windfuhr," The cuneiform signs of Ugarit," Journal of Near Eastern Studies 29:48-51 (1970) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Joyce Marcus, Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations (Princet on: Princeton University Press, 1992) ¤È¡¢Elizabeth Boone, Walter Mignolo, Writing without Words (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994) ¤Ï¡¢Ãæ±û¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Ç¤Îʸ»ú¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Î»ÈÍѤÈȯŸ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£William Boltz, The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1994) ¤È¡¢Æ±¤¸Ãø¼Ô¤Î"Early Chinese writing," World Archaeology 17:420-36 (1986) ¤Ï¡¢Ãæ¹ñ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆƱÍͤΥơ¼¥Þ¤òŸ³«¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ºÇ¸å¤Ë¡¢Janet Klausner, Sequoyah's Gift (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) ¤Ï¡¢¥»¥³¥¤¥ä¤¬¹Í¤¨½Ð¤·¤¿¥Á¥§¥í¥­¡¼¸ì¤Î²»Àáʸ»ú¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢»Ò¤É¤â¤Ë¤âÆɤᡢÂç¿Í¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤â¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤Ïäò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

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¡¡µ»½Ñ»Ë¤ò¾ÜºÙ¤Ëµ­¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤ÆÄêɾ¤Î¤¢¤ëʸ¸¥¤Ï¡¢Á´£¸´¬¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë Charles Singer et al., A History of Technology (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954-84) ¡¿¡Øµ»½Ñ¤ÎÎò»Ë¡ÙÊ¿ÅÄ´²Â¾Ìõ¡¢Á´14ºý¡¢ÃÞËà½ñ˼¡Ê1978-1981¡Ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£µ»½Ñ»Ë¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëñ¹ÔËܤǤϡ¢Donald Cardwell, The Fontana History of Technology (London: Fontana Press, 1994)¡¢Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990)¡¢Trevor Williams, The History of Invention (New York: Facts on File, 1987) ¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£R. A. Buchanan, The Power of the Machine (London: Penguin Books, 1994) ¤Ï1700ǯ°Ê¹ß¤Îµ»½Ñ»Ë¤ò´Ê·é¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) ¤Ï¡¢»þÂå¤È¾ì½ê¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æµ»½Ñ¤Îȯã¤Î¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥É¤¬°Û¤Ê¤ëÍýͳ¤òÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£George Basalla, The Evolution of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) ¤Ï¡¢µ»½Ñ¤ÎÊѲ½¤ò¿Ê²½ÏÀŪ¤ËÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Everett Rodgers, Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1983) ¡¿¡Ø¥¤¥Î¥Ù¡¼¥·¥ç¥óÉáµÚ³Ø¡ÙÀÄÃÓ¿µ°ì¡¦±§ÌîÁ±¹¯Ìõ¡¢»ºÇ½Âç³Ø½ÐÈÇÉô¡Ê1990¡Ë¤Ï¡¢£Ñ£×£Å£Ò£Ô£ÙÇÛÎó¤Î¥­¡¼¥Ü¡¼¥É¤Ê¤É¤Îµ»½Ñ³×¿·¤ÎÅÁÇŤ˴ؤ¹¤ë¸¦µæ¤ò³µÀ⤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994) ¡¿¡Ø¥¹¥¿¡¼¥ê¥ó¤È¸¶Çú¡ÙÀî¾åÞ«¡¦¾¾Ëܹ¬½ÅÌõ¡¢Âç·î½ñŹ¡Ê1997¡Ë¤Ï¡¢¥½Ï¢¤Î¸¶Çú¤Î³«È¯¤ËºÝ¤·¤Æ¡¢Àļ̿¿¤ÎÌÏÊï¡¢¡Ê¥¹¥Ñ¥¤¤Ë¤è¤ë¡Ë¥¢¥¤¥Ç¥¢¤ÎÅÁÇÅ¡¢Æȼ«¤ÎȯÌÀ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿Í×°ø¤¬¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤É¤ÎÄøÅÙ´óÍ¿¤·¤¿¤«¤ò¾Ü½Ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡À¤³¦³ÆÃϤε»½Ñ»Ë¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÂî±Û¤·¤¿Ê¸¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) ¡¿¡ØÃæ¹ñ¤Î²Ê³Ø¤ÈʸÌÀ¡ÙÂè1¡Á11´¬¡¢Å×Çȸî¾Ìõ¡¢»×º÷¼Ò¡Ê1991¡Ë¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢1954ǯ°ÊÍè¡¢Á´16ÒˤΤ¦¤Á¤ÎÂè5´¬¤Þ¤Ç¤¬½ÐÈǤµ¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¢¤µ¤é¤Ë10Òˤۤɤ¬º£¸å´©¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ëͽÄê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Ahmad al-Hassan, Donald Hill, Islamic Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) ¡¿¡Ø¥¤¥¹¥é¥àµ»½Ñ¤ÎÎò»Ë¡Ù¿ÅÄÇî°ì¡¦¸¶Î´°ì¡¦ºØÆ£ÈþÄÅ»ÒÌõ¡¢ÂçÅìʸ²½Âç³Ø¹ñºÝ´Ø·¸³ØÉô¸½Â奢¥¸¥¢¸¦µæ½ê´Æ½¤¡¢Ê¿ËÞ¼Ò¡Ê1999¡Ë¤È¡¢K. D. White, Greek and Roman Technology (London: Thames and Hudson, 1984) ¤Ï¡¢¥¿¥¤¥È¥ë¤Ë¼¨¤µ¤ì¤¿ÃÏ°è¤Îµ»½Ñ»Ë¤ò³µÀ⤷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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¡¡²Ê³Øµ»½Ñ»Ë¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÏÀʸ¤Ï¡¢1959ǯ°ÊÍè The Society for the History of Technology ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ´©¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëµ¨´©»ï Technology and Culture ¤Ç¸«¤Ä¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£John Staudenmaier, Technology's Storytellers (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985) ¤Ï¡¢Æ±»ï¤ËºÇ½é¤Î20ǯ´Ö¤Ë·ÇºÜ¤µ¤ì¤¿ÏÀʸ¤òʬÀϤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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¡¡¿Í´Ö¼Ò²ñ¤ò¡¢¾®µ¬ÌÏ·ì±ï½¸ÃÄ¡¢Éô²¼Ò²ñ¡¢¼óĹ¼Ò²ñ¡¢¹ñ²È¤Î£´¤Ä¤ËʬÎष¤¿¤Î¤Ï¡¢Elman Service ¤Î£²ºý¤ÎÃø½ñ¡¢Primitive Social Organization (New York: Random House, 1962) ¡¿¡Ø̤³«¤Î¼Ò²ñÁÈ¿¥¨¡¨¡¿Ê²½ÏÀŪ¹Í»¡¡Ù¾¾±àËüµµÍºÌõ¡¢¹°Ê¸Æ²¡Ê1979¡Ë¤È Origins of the State and Civilization (New York: Norton, 1975) ¤ËÉ餦¤È¤³¤í¤¬Â礭¤¤¡£ÍѸì¤Ï°Û¤Ê¤ë¤¬¡¢Æ±ÍͤμҲñʬÎà¤Ï Morton Fried, The Evolution of Political Society (New York: Random House, 1967) ¤Ë¤â¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¹ñ²È¤ª¤è¤Ó¼Ò²ñ¤Îȯã¤ò³µ´Ñ¤¹¤ë½ÅÍפÊÏÀʸ¤ò£³Ëܤ¢¤²¤ë¤È¡¢Kent Flannery,"The cultural evolution of civilizations," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:399-426 (1972)¡¢Æ±¤¸Ãø¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤ë"Prehistoric social evolution," (Carol and Melvin Ember, eds., Research Frontiers in Anthropology [Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1995] pp.1-26 )¡¢¤ª¤è¤ÓHenry Wright,"Recent research on the origin of the state," Annual Review of Anthropology 6:379-97 (1977) ¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£Robert Carneiro,"A theory of the origin of the state," Science 169:733-38 (1970) ¤Ï¡¢ÅÚÃϤÎÀ¸ÂַϤ¬¸ÂÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¾ò·ï²¼¤ÇÀïÁ褬µ¯¤³¤ê¡¢¹ñ²È¤¬¶½¤ë¤ÈÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957) ¡¿¡Ø¥ª¥ê¥¨¥ó¥¿¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥¹¥Ý¥Æ¥£¥º¥à¨¡¨¡ÀèÀ©´±Î½¹ñ²È¤ÎÀ¸À®¤ÈÊø²õ¡ÙÅòÀõìâÃËÌõ¡¢¿·É¾ÏÀ¡Ê1995¡Ë¤Ï¡¢Â絬ÌÏÞõÞô»ÜÀߤˤè¤ë¼£¿å´ÉÍý¤ÎɬÍפ«¤é¹ñ²È¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿¤ÈÀ⤤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£William Sanders, Henry Wright, Robert Adams, On the Evolution of Complex Societies (Malibu: Undena, 1984) ¤Ë¼ý¤á¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë£³¤Ä¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ï¡¢¹ñ²È¤Îµ¯¸»¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì°Û¤Ê¤ë¸«²ò¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society (Chicago: Aldine, 1966) ¤Ï¡¢¥á¥½¥Ý¥¿¥ß¥¢¤ÈÃæ±û¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¤Î¹ñ²È¤Îµ¯¸»¤òÂÐÈ椷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
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¡¡¥¢¥á¥ê¥«À轻̱¤Î¸À¸ì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢Â¿¿ô¤ÎÆÈΩ¤·¤¿¸À¸ì¥Õ¥¡¥ß¥ê¡¼¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤¹¤ë¿¿ôÇɤθ«²ò¤òɽÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤Î°ìÎã¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun, The Languages of Native America (Austin: University of Texas, 1979) ¤¬¤¢¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤È¤ÏÈ¿ÂФˡ¢¥¨¥¹¥­¥â¡¼¡á¥¢¥ì¥¦¥È¸ì¥Õ¥¡¥ß¥ê¡¼¤È¥Ê¡á¥Ç¥Í¸ì¥Õ¥¡¥ß¥ê¡¼°Ê³°¤Î¥¢¥á¥ê¥«À轻̱¤Î¸À¸ì¤ò¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Ò¤È¤Þ¤È¤á¤Ë¤·¤Æ¥¢¥á¥ê¥ó¥É¸ì¥Õ¥¡¥ß¥ê¡¼¤È̾¤Å¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Joseph Greenberg, Language in the Americas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) ¤ª¤è¤ÓMerritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, vol. 1 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
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¡¡¥®¥ê¥·¥¢¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë´Ä¶­¤Î°­²½¤ÈʸÌÀ¤Î¿êÂà¤È¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¸¡Æ¤¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Tjeerd van Andel et al.,"Five thousand years of land use and abuse in the southern Argolid," Hesperia 55:103-28 (1986)¡¢Tjeerd van Andel, Curtis Runnels, Beyond the Acropolis: A Rural Greek Past (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987)¡¢Curtis Runnels,"Environmental degradation in ancient Greece," Scientific American 272(3):72-75 (1995) ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¥Ú¥È¥é¡Ê¥Ê¥Ð¥Æ¥¢²¦¹ñ¡Ë¤òÂоݤËƱÍͤιͻ¡¤ò¹Ô¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Patricia Fall et al.,"Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East: A record of paleovegetation and human disturbance," (Julio Betancourt et al., eds., Packrat Middens [Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990] pp. 408-27) ¡£Æ±¤¸¤¯¥á¥½¥Ý¥¿¥ß¥¢¤òÂоݤȤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Robert Adams, Heartland of Cities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981)¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¡¡E. L. Jones, The European Miracle, 2nd ed.(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) ¡¿¡Ø¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Î´ñÀר¡¨¡´Ä¶­¡¦·ÐºÑ¡¦ÃÏÀ¯¤ÎÈæ³Ó»Ë¡Ù°Â¸µÌ­¡¦ÏƼ¹§Ê¿Ìõ¡¢Ì¾¸Å²°Âç³Ø½ÐÈDzñ¡Ê2000¡Ë¤Ï¡¢Ãæ¹ñ¡¢¥¤¥ó¥É¡¢¥¤¥¹¥é¥à¡¢¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤ÎÁê°ã¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢¤¤¤í¤¤¤í»²¹Í¤Ë¤Ê¤ë²ò¼á¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994) ¡¿¡ØÃæ¹ñ¤¬³¤¤ò»ÙÇÛ¤·¤¿¤È¤­¨¡¨¡Å¢Ï¤Ȥ½¤Î»þÂå¡Ù·¯Ìîδµ×Ìõ¡¢¿·½ñ´Û¡Ê1996¡Ë¤Ï¡¢Á¥ÃĤÎÇɸ¯¤òÃæ»ß¤ËÄɤ¤¤³¤ó¤ÀÃæ¹ñ¤Î¸¢ÎÏÆ®Áè¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¸Å¤¤»þÂå¤ÎÃæ¹ñ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¤³¤ì°Ê³°¤Îʸ¸¥¤Ï¡¢Âè16¾Ï¤È17¾Ï¤Î´ØϢʸ¸¥¤È¤·¤Æ¤¢¤²¤Æ¤¢¤ë¡£
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¡¡1930ǯ¤Ë¥Ò¥È¥é¡¼¤¬Áø¶ø¤·¡¢¤¢¤ä¤¦¤¯°ìÌ¿¤ò¼º¤¤¤½¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¸òÄÌ»ö¸Î¤ÎÌÜ·â¾Ú¸À¤Ï¡¢¥Ò¥È¥é¡¼¤Î¼Ö¤ËƱ¾è¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿ Otto Wagener ¤Î²óÁÛÏ¿¤Ëµ­¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤Î²óÁÛÏ¿¤Ï Henry Turner, Jr.¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÊÔ½¸¤µ¤ì¡¢Hitler : Memoirs of a Confidant (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978) ¤È¤¤¤¦ËܤˤޤȤá¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Turner ¤Ï David Wetzel, ed., German History: Ideas, Institutions, and Individuals (New York: Praeger, 1996) ¤Î¼«Ê¬¤¬Ã´Åö¤·¤¿¾Ï¡Ö¥Ò¥È¥é¡¼¤¬Îò»Ë¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤¿±Æ¶Á¡×¤Ç¡¢¥Ò¥È¥é¡¼¤¬1930ǯ¤Î»ö¸Î¤Ç»à¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤¿¤é¤É¤¦¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤«¤ò¿ä¬¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡Ä¹´ü¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤ëÎò»Ë¤Î½ôÌäÂê¤Ë´Ø¿´¤ò´ó¤»¤ëÎò»Ë²È¤ÎÍ¥¤ì¤¿ËܤϿô¿¤¯¡¢Sidney Hook, The Hero in History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1943)¡¢Patrick Gardiner, ed., Theories of History (New York: Free Press, 1959)¡¢Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), Fernand Braudel, On History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980)¡¢Peter Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)¡¢Henry Hobhouse, Forces of Change (London: Sedgewick and Jackson, 1989) ¤Ê¤É¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
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¡¡±Ö³Ø¼Ô¤¬¡¢¿Í´Ö¤òÁê¼ê¤Ë¼Â¸³¤ò¹Ô¤Ê¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¼êÃʤËÁʤ¨¤ë¤³¤È¤Ê¤¯¡¢¿Í´Ö¤Îɵ¤¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë°ø²Ì´Ø·¸¤òƳ¤­½Ð¤¹ÊýË¡¤Ï¡¢A. M. Lilienfeld, D. E. Lilienfeld, Foundations of Epidemiology, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) ¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÄêɾ¤Î¤¢¤ë±Ö³Ø¤Î¶µ²Ê½ñ¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Â缫Á³¤Î¼Â¸³¤ÎÍøÍѤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢Jared Diamond, Ted Case, eds., Community Ecology (New York: Harper and Row, 1986) ¤Ç»ä¤¬Ã´Åö¤·¤¿¾Ï "Overview: Laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments,"pp. 3-22 ¤Ç¡¢À¸ÂֳؼԤλëÅÀ¤«¤é¹Í»¡¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Paul Harvey, Mark Pagel, The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) ¡¿¡Ø¿Ê²½À¸Êª³Ø¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÈæ³ÓË¡¡ÙÇôë±Ñ°ìÌõ¡¢Ë̳¤Æ»Âç³Ø¿Þ½ñ´©¹Ô²ñ¡Ê1996¡Ë¤Ï¡¢À¸Êª¼ï¤òÈæ³Ó¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê·ëÏÀ¤ò°ú¤­½Ð¤¹ÊýË¡¤òʬÀϤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£